This changes the CI / release builds to use the latest Go version. It also
upgrades golangci-lint to a newer version compatible with Go 1.19.

In Go 1.19, godoc has gained official support for links and lists. The
syntax for code blocks in doc comments has changed and now requires a
leading tab character. gofmt adapts comments to the new syntax
automatically, so there are a lot of comment re-formatting changes in this
PR. We need to apply the new format in order to pass the CI lint stage with
Go 1.19.

With the linter upgrade, I have decided to disable 'gosec' - it produces
too many false-positive warnings. The 'deadcode' and 'varcheck' linters
have also been removed because golangci-lint warns about them being
unmaintained. 'unused' provides similar coverage and we already have it
enabled, so we don't lose much with this change.

This PR makes the event-sending for deleted and new logs happen in batches, to prevent OOM situation due to large reorgs. 
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This changes the error code returned by the RPC server in certain situations:

- handler panic: code -32603
- result marshaling error: code -32603
- attempt to subscribe via HTTP: code -32001

In all of the above cases, the server previously returned the default error
code -32000.
Co-authored-by: Nicholas Zhao <nicholas.zhao@gmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

The p2p msgrate tracker is a thing which tries to estimate some mean round-trip times. However, it did so in a very curious way: if a node had 200 peers, it would sort their 200 respective rtt estimates, and then it would pick item number 2 as the mean. So effectively taking third fastest and calling it mean. This probably works "ok" when the number of peers are low (there are other factors too, such as ttlScaling which takes some of the edge off this) -- however when the number of peers is high, it becomes very skewed.

This PR instead bases the 'mean' on the square root of the length of the list. Still pretty harsh, but a bit more lenient.

* eth/protocols/snap: throttle trie heal requests when peers DoS us

* eth/protocols/snap: lower heal throttle log to debug
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* eth/protocols/snap: fix comment
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR includes minor updates to comments in trie/committer that reference insertion to the db, and adds an err != nil check for the return value of preimages.commit.

This PR simplifies the logic of chain tracer and also adds the unit tests.

The most important change has been made in this PR is the state management. Whenever a tracing state is acquired there is a corresponding release function be returned as well. It must be called once the state is used up, otherwise resource leaking can happen.

And also the logic of state management has been simplified a lot. Specifically, the state provider(eth backend, les backend) should ensure the state is available and referenced. State customers can use the state according to their own needs, or build other states based on the given state. But once the release function is called, there is no guarantee of the availability of the state.
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>
Co-authored-by: Péter Szilágyi <peterke@gmail.com>

Follow-up to PR #25523 to cleanup all relevant tests.

See: https://github.com/ethereum/EIPs/blob/master/EIPS/eip-4399.md

>  This EIP supplants the semantics of the return value of existing DIFFICULTY (0x44) opcode and renames the opcode to PREVRANDAO (0x44).

trie: check childrens' existence concurrently for snap heal

All fields related to gas must be represented as uint64. Depth is
internally tracked as int, so it makes sense to also store it as int.

The JSON-RPC spec requires the "version" field to be exactly "2.0",
so we should verify that. This change is not backwards-compatible with
sloppy client implementations, but I decided to go ahead with it anyway
because the failure will be caught via the returned error. 

This adds a generic mechanism for 'dial options' in the RPC client,
and also implements a specific dial option for the JWT authentication
mechanism used by the engine API. Some real tests for the server-side
authentication handling are also added.
Co-authored-by: Joshua Gutow <jgutow@optimism.io>
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

For some reason, an accessor method for this field exists in JS, but
the value was never actually assigned.

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This fixes a regression introduced in PR #25459.

eth/protocols/snap: fix problems due to idle-but-busy peers

eth/catalyst: prevent diff by zero

It's a trivial PR to hide the error log when the trie node is not found in the database. The idea for this change is for all TryXXX functions, the error is already returned and we don't need to fire a log explicitly.

Recently there are a few tickets #25613 #25589 reporting that the trie nodes are missing because of debug.SetHead. The root cause is after resetting, the chain rewinds to a historical point and re-imports the blocks on top.

Since the node is already synced and started to accept transactions previously, these transactions are still kept in the txpool and verified by txpool with a live state. This live state is constructed based on the live trie database, which is changed fast by node referencing and de-referencing.

Unfortunately, when we construct a live state(like the state in txpool), we don't reference the state we have. The blockchain will garbage collect the intermediate version nodes in another thread which leads the broken live state.

The best solution for this is to forcibly obtain a reference for all live states we create and call release function once it's used up. But it might end up with more junks persisted into disk. Will try to find an elegant solution later in the following PR.

* graphql: fix tx logs

* minor

* Use optimized search for selecting tx logs

* eth/catalyst: adjust eta for themerge

* squash

* squash

* eth/catalyst: address review concerns

* all: move genesis initialization to blockchain

* core: add one more check

* core: fix tests

Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>