* trie: add node type common package

In trie/types package, a few node wrappers are defined, which will be used
in both trie package, trie/snap package, etc. Therefore, a standalone common
package is created to put these stuffs.

* trie: rename trie/types to trie/trienode

eth: fix crash on querying nil finalized block

This is a breaking GraphQL API change. All numeric values are now encoded as
hex strings. The motivation for this change is matching JSON-RPC outputs more
closely.

Numbers in query parameters are accepted as both decimal integers and hex strings.

* cmd/geth: fix test to not use explicit db

* cmd/geth: remove dao-test

Co-authored-by: Exca-DK <dev@DESKTOP-RI45P4J.localdomain>
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

* core, trie: rework trie database

* trie: fix comment

* all: remove notion of trusted checkpoints in the post-merge world

* light: remove unused function

* eth/ethconfig, les: remove unused config option

* les: make linter happy

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Co-authored-by: Gary Rong <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

* cmd/utils, node: switch to Pebble as the default db if none exists

* node: fall back to LevelDB on platforms not supporting Pebble

* core/rawdb, node: default to Pebble at the node level

* cmd/geth: fix some tests explicitly using leveldb

* ethdb/pebble: allow double closes, makes tests simpler

* core/types, params: add blob transaction type, RLP encoded for now

* all: integrate Cancun (and timestamp based forks) into MakeSigner

* core/types: fix 2 back-and-forth type refactors

* core: fix review comment

* core/types: swap blob tx type id to 0x03

In this PR, all TryXXX(e.g. TryGet) APIs of trie are renamed to XXX(e.g. Get) with an error returned.

The original XXX(e.g. Get) APIs are renamed to MustXXX(e.g. MustGet) and does not return any error -- they print a log output. A future PR will change the behaviour to panic on errorrs. 

renames `--vmodule` to `--log.vmodule`, and prints a warning if the old form is used.

Follow-up to #26697, makes the crawler less verbose on route53-based scenarios.

It also changes the loglevel from debug to info on Updates, which are typically the root, and can be interesting to see.

The EIP150Hash was an idea where, after the fork, we hardcoded the forked hash as an extra defensive mechanism. It wasn't really used, since forks weren't contentious and for all the various testnets and private networks it's been a hassle to have around. 

This change removes that config field. 

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Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>

Sets a meaningful name on test-files

cmd/devp2p: fix log of ignored recent nodes counter

New sepolia bootnodes managed by EF devops

build: upgrade -dlgo version to Go 1.20.3

This PR unifies the error handling in miner. 

Whenever an error occur while applying a transaction, the transaction should be regarded as invalid and all following transactions from the same sender not executable because of the nonce restriction. The only exception is the `nonceTooLow` error which is handled separately.

Prior to this change, it was possible that transactions are erroneously deemed as 'future' although they are in fact 'pending', causing them to be dropped due to 'future' not being allowed to replace 'pending'. 

This change fixes that, by doing a more in-depth inspection of the queue. 

Use the new atomic types in package eth/tracers

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Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>

Makes the float-gauges lock-free

name                      old time/op  new time/op  delta
CounterFloat64Parallel-8  1.45µs ±10%  0.85µs ± 6%  -41.65%  (p=0.008 n=5+5)

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Co-authored-by: Exca-DK <dev@DESKTOP-RI45P4J.localdomain>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR removes the Debug field from vmconfig, making it so that if a tracer is set, debug=true is implied.

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Co-authored-by: 0xTylerHolmes <tyler@ethereum.org>
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <1591639+s1na@users.noreply.github.com>

This includes a semantic change to the `callTracer` as well as `flatCallTracer`.
The value of field `gas` in the **first** call frame will change as follows:

- It previously contained gas available after initial deductions (i.e. tx costs)
- It will now contain the full tx gasLimit value
Signed-off-by: jsvisa <delweng@gmail.com>

* consensus/misc, params: add EIP-4844 blobfee conversions

* consensus/misc: pull in fakeExponential test cases

* consensus/misc: reuse bigints

* consensus/misc: nit renames, additional larger testcase

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Co-authored-by: Roberto Bayardo <bayardo@alum.mit.edu>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* eth/downloader: use atomic type

* Update eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* Update eth/downloader/downloader_test.go
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

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Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

Currently, most of transaction validation while holding the txpool mutex: one exception being an early-on signature check. 

This PR changes that, so that we do all non-stateful checks before we entering the mutex area. This means they can be performed in parallel, and to enable that, certain fields have been made atomic bools and uint64.

test/fuzzers: fuzz rlp handling of big.Lnt and uint256.Int

* cmd, miner, singer: avoid panic if keystore is not available

* cmd/geth: print warning instead of panic

This change enables log rotation, which can be activated using the flag --log.rotate. Additional parameters that can be given are: 

  - log.maxsize to set maximum size before files are rotated,
  - log.maxbackups to set how many files are retailed, 
  - log.maxage to configure max age of rotated files, 
  - log.compress whether to compress rotated files

The way to configure location of the logfile(s) is left unchanged, via the `log.logfile` parameter.  

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Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>