This PR adds a way to subscribe to the _full_ pending transactions, as opposed to just being notified about hashes. 

In use cases where client subscribes to newPendingTransactions and gets txhashes only to then request the actual transaction, the caller can now shortcut that flow and obtain the transactions directly. 
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This PR removes some optimistic tests -- a'la "do something,
wait a while, and hope it has trickled through and continue" -- and
instead uses some introspection to ensure that prerequisites are met.

This changes the node setup to ignore datadir files

    static-nodes.json
    trusted-nodes.json

When these files are present, it an error will be printed to the log.

This adds a 
* core/vm, tests: optimized modexp + fuzzer

* common/math: modexp optimizations

* core/vm: special case base 1 in big modexp

* core/vm: disable fastexp

This changes the error message for mismatching chain ID to show
the given and expected value. Callers expecting this error must be
changed to use errors.Is.

* fix typo on comment

* typo "can't accept"

* usbwallet support Ledger Nano S Plus

* accounts/usbwallet: add definitions + ref to ledger docs
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This update resolves an issue where StringSliceFlag would not be
rendered correctly in help output + mention that -H can be used multiple times
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

Prior to this change, f.begin (and possibly end) stay negative, leading to strange results later in the code. With this change, filters using "safe" and "finalized" block produce results consistent w/ the overall behavior of this RPC method.
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* node: prevent exposing engine API on unauthenticated endpoint

* node: improve RPC setup

* ethclient/gethclient: improve time-sensitive flaky test

* eth/catalyst: fix (?) flaky test

* core: stop blockchains in tests after use

* core: fix dangling blockchain instances

* core: rm whitespace

* eth/gasprice, eth/tracers, consensus/clique: stop dangling blockchains in tests

* all: address review concerns

* core: goimports

* eth/catalyst: fix another time-sensitive test

* consensus/clique: add snapshot test run function

* core: rename stop() to stopWithoutSaving()
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

core/bloombits: remove micro-sleep

This PR introduces a new mechanism in chain tracer for preventing creating too many trace states.

The workflow of chain tracer can be divided into several parts:

- state creator generates trace state in a thread
- state tracer retrieves the trace state and applies the tracing on top in another thread
- state collector gathers all result from state tracer and stream to users

It's basically a producer-consumer model here, while if we imagine that the state producer generates states too fast, then it will lead to accumulate lots of unused states in memory. Even worse, in path-based state scheme it will only keep the latest 128 states in memory, and the newly generated state will invalidate the oldest one by marking it as stale.

The solution for fixing it is to limit the speed of state generation. If there are over 128 states un-consumed in memory, then the creation will be paused until the states are be consumed properly.

Backwards compatibility warning: The result will from now on omit empty fields instead
of including a zero value (e.g. no more `balance: '0x'`).

The prestateTracer will now take an option `diffMode: bool`. In this mode
the tracer will output the pre state and post data for the modified parts of state.
Read-only accesses will be completely omitted. Creations (be it account or slot)
will be signified by omission in the `pre` list and inclusion in `post`. Whereas
deletion (be it account or slot) will be signified by inclusion in `pre` and omission
in `post` list.
Signed-off-by: Delweng <delweng@gmail.com>

all: fix docstrings

* eth, miner: add timeout for building sealing block

* eth, cmd, miner: add newpayloadtimeout flag

* eth, miner, cmd: address comments

* eth, miner: minor fixes
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR makes it so that the snap server responds to trie heal requests when possible, even if the snapshot does not exist. The idea being that it might prolong the lifetime of a state root, so we don't have to pivot quite as often.

add a testcase to TestLegacyReceiptDecoding

This PR makes it possible to set custom headers, in particular for two scenarios: 

- geth attach
- geth commands which can use --remotedb, e..g geth db inspect

The ability to use custom headers is typically useful for connecting to cloud-apis, e.g. providing an infura- or alchemy key, or for that matter access-keys for environments behind cloudflare.  
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>

This fixes a cornercase bug where the flag migration would mess
up the value of StringSlice flags.

* accounts/abi/bind: parse ABI once on bind

* accounts/abi/bind: suppress 'imported and not used' error for abi package

* eth/tracers: add revertReason to callTracer

* update callframe gen json

* add revertal to calltrace test

This PR reworks tx indexer a bit. Compared to the original version, one scenario is no longer handled - upgrading  from legacy geth without indexer support. 

The tx indexer was introduced in 2020 and have been present through hardforks, so it can be assumed that all Geth nodes have tx indexer already. So we can simplify the tx indexer logic a bit:

-    If the tail flag is not present, it means node is just initialized may or may not with an ancient store attached. In this case all blocks are regarded as unindexed
-   If the tail flag is present, it means blocks below tail are unindexed, blocks above tail are indexed

This change also address some weird cornercases that could make the indexer not work after a crash.

This change adds zero-padding (prefix) of odd nibbles in the decodeHash function. 
Co-authored-by: ty <ty@oncoder.com>

* dropped `vm.keccakState` for `crypto.KeccakState`

* cleaned up `OpCode.IsPush()`

* test(state): report mgas/s metric in EVM benchmark

* revert testdata submodule update

* aggregate mgas/s results

* calculate elapsed time better

* tests: benchmarks - handle access list + take refund into account
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

This PR prevent making tiny writes during state healing, by only performing the batch-write if the accumulated data is large enough to be meaningful.

This fixes a bug where contract code would be overridden to empty code ("0x")
when the Code field of OverrideAccount was left nil. The change also cleans up
the encoding of overrides to only send necessary fields, and improves documentation.

Fixes #25615
Co-authored-by: Felix Lange <fjl@twurst.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>

* make vmError more useful

* fix for review

* Update api.go

* revert calling site
Co-authored-by: rjl493456442 <garyrong0905@gmail.com>

* cmd, core, eth, les, light: track deleted nodes

* trie: add docs

* trie: address comments

* cmd, core, eth, les, light, trie: trie id

* trie: add tests

* trie, core: updates

* trie: fix imports

* trie: add utility print-method for nodeset

* trie: import err

* trie: fix go vet warnings
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>