update link to the installation instructions

* internal/flags: use filepath.Clean instead of path.Clean

* internal/flags: fix windows pipe issue

* internal/flags: modify test for windows

* internal/flags: use backticks, fix test

This PR fixes an issue which might result in data lost in freezer.

Whenever mutation happens in freezer, all data will be written into head data file
and it will be rotated with a new one in case the size of file reaches the threshold.

Theoretically, the rotated old data file should be fsync'd to prevent data loss.
In freezer.Sync function, we only fsync: (1) index file (2) meta file and (3) head
data file. So this PR forcibly fsync the head data file if mutation happens in the
boundary of data file.

Other clients do not accept a parameter value of null for this array.

Implementation of https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-3860, limit and meter initcode. This PR enables EIP-3860 as part of the Shanghai fork. 
Co-authored-by: lightclient@protonmail.com <lightclient@protonmail.com>
Co-authored-by: Martin Holst Swende <martin@swende.se>
Co-authored-by: Marius van der Wijden <m.vanderwijden@live.de>

In legacy (pre-merge) sync mode, headers were contiguously downloaded from the network and when no more headers were available, we checked every few seconds whether there are 64 new blocks to move the pivot.

In beacon (post-merge) sync mode, we don't need to check for new skeleton headers non stop, since those re delivered one by one by the engine API. The missing code snippet from the header fetcher was to actually look at the latest head and move the pivot if it was more than 2*64-8 away. This PR adds the missing movement logic.

This makes non-JS tracers execute all block txs on a single goroutine.
In the previous implementation, we used to prepare every tx pre-state
on one goroutine, and then run the transactions again with tracing enabled.
Native tracers are usually faster, so it is faster overall to use their output as
the pre-state for tracing the next transaction.
Co-authored-by: Sina Mahmoodi <itz.s1na@gmail.com>

This PR removes the notion of fakeStorage from the state objects, and instead, for any state modifications that are needed, it simply makes the changes. 

* test

* crypto/bls12381: use worst case scalar for input to G1/G2 mul benchmarks

eth/downloader: fix unexpected skeleton header deletion

params: core: enable shanghai based on timestamps

* all: cleanup trie interface

* eth, trie: address comments

* p2p/discover: add more packet information in logs

This adds more fields to discv5 packet logs. These can be useful when
debugging multi-packet interactions.

The FINDNODE message also gets an additional field, OpID for debugging
purposes. This field is not encoded onto the wire.

I'm also removing topic system related message types in this change.
These will come back in the future, where support for them will be
guarded by a config flag.

* p2p/discover/v5wire: rename 'Total' to 'RespCount'

The new name captures the meaning of this field better.

Alarm is a timer utility that simplifies code where a timer needs to be rescheduled over
and over. Doing this can be tricky with time.Timer or time.AfterFunc because the channel
requires draining in some cases.

Alarm is optimized for use cases where items are tracked in a heap according to their expiry
time, and a goroutine with a for/select loop wants to be woken up whenever the next item expires.
In this application, the timer needs to be rescheduled when an item is added or removed
from the heap. Using a timer naively, these updates will always require synchronization
with the global runtime timer datastructure to update the timer using Reset. Alarm avoids
this by tracking the next expiry time and only modifies the timer if it would need to fire earlier
than already scheduled.

As an example use, I have converted p2p.dialScheduler to use Alarm instead of AfterFunc.

* internal/flags: update copyright year to 2023

* cmd/geth: update copyright year to 2023

This change sends a HeadChainEvent when SetHead is invoked. The txpool will then reset the txnoncer on receiving the event. 

This changes moves the tracking of "deleted in this block" out from snap-only domain, so that it happens regardless of whether the execution is snapshot-backed or trie-backed. 

* miner: allow for extradata in post-merge blocks

* miner: nits

* miner: remove extradata checks

Adds uploads to Kinetic in Launchpad, and removes the upload for 21.10 impish (not supported since July)

This changes the StorageTrie method to return an error when the trie
is not available. It used to return an 'empty trie' in this case, but that's
not possible anymore under PBSS.

This PR builds on #26299, but also updates the tests to the most recent version, which includes tests regarding TheMerge.

This change adds checks to the beacon consensus engine, making it more strict in validating the pre- and post-headers, and not relying on the caller to have already correctly sanitized the headers/blocks.