Merge pull request #2742 from karalabe/tx-spam-protection

Transaction pool optimizations

core/tx_list_test.go

+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package core
+
+import (
+	"math/big"
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/crypto"
+)
+
+// Tests that transactions can be added to strict lists and list contents and
+// nonce boundaries are correctly maintained.
+func TestStrictTxListAdd(t *testing.T) {
+	// Generate a list of transactions to insert
+	key, _ := crypto.GenerateKey()
+
+	txs := make(types.Transactions, 1024)
+	for i := 0; i < len(txs); i++ {
+		txs[i] = transaction(uint64(i), new(big.Int), key)
+	}
+	// Insert the transactions in a random order
+	list := newTxList(true)
+	for _, v := range rand.Perm(len(txs)) {
+		list.Add(txs[v])
+	}
+	// Verify internal state
+	if len(list.txs.items) != len(txs) {
+		t.Errorf("transaction count mismatch: have %d, want %d", len(list.txs.items), len(txs))
+	}
+	for i, tx := range txs {
+		if list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()] != tx {
+			t.Errorf("item %d: transaction mismatch: have %v, want %v", i, list.txs.items[tx.Nonce()], tx)
+		}
+	}
+}

core/types/transaction.go

@@ -24,7 +24,6 @@ import (
 	"fmt"
 	"io"
 	"math/big"
-	"sort"
 	"sync/atomic"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
@@ -427,49 +426,58 @@ func (s *TxByPrice) Pop() interface{} {
 	return x
 }
 
-// SortByPriceAndNonce sorts the transactions by price in such a way that the
-// nonce orderings within a single account are maintained.
-//
-// Note, this is not as trivial as it seems from the first look as there are three
-// different criteria that need to be taken into account (price, nonce, account
-// match), which cannot be done with any plain sorting method, as certain items
-// cannot be compared without context.
+// TransactionsByPriceAndNonce represents a set of transactions that can return
+// transactions in a profit-maximising sorted order, while supporting removing
+// entire batches of transactions for non-executable accounts.
+type TransactionsByPriceAndNonce struct {
+	txs   map[common.Address]Transactions // Per account nonce-sorted list of transactions
+	heads TxByPrice                       // Next transaction for each unique account (price heap)
+}
+
+// NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce creates a transaction set that can retrieve
+// price sorted transactions in a nonce-honouring way.
 //
-// This method first sorts the separates the list of transactions into individual
-// sender accounts and sorts them by nonce. After the account nonce ordering is
-// satisfied, the results are merged back together by price, always comparing only
-// the head transaction from each account. This is done via a heap to keep it fast.
-func SortByPriceAndNonce(txs []*Transaction) {
-	// Separate the transactions by account and sort by nonce
-	byNonce := make(map[common.Address][]*Transaction)
-	for _, tx := range txs {
-		acc, _ := tx.From() // we only sort valid txs so this cannot fail
-		byNonce[acc] = append(byNonce[acc], tx)
+// Note, the input map is reowned so the caller should not interact any more with
+// if after providng it to the constructor.
+func NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(txs map[common.Address]Transactions) *TransactionsByPriceAndNonce {
+	// Initialize a price based heap with the head transactions
+	heads := make(TxByPrice, 0, len(txs))
+	for acc, accTxs := range txs {
+		heads = append(heads, accTxs[0])
+		txs[acc] = accTxs[1:]
 	}
-	for _, accTxs := range byNonce {
-		sort.Sort(TxByNonce(accTxs))
+	heap.Init(&heads)
+
+	// Assemble and return the transaction set
+	return &TransactionsByPriceAndNonce{
+		txs:   txs,
+		heads: heads,
 	}
-	// Initialize a price based heap with the head transactions
-	byPrice := make(TxByPrice, 0, len(byNonce))
-	for acc, accTxs := range byNonce {
-		byPrice = append(byPrice, accTxs[0])
-		byNonce[acc] = accTxs[1:]
+}
+
+// Peek returns the next transaction by price.
+func (t *TransactionsByPriceAndNonce) Peek() *Transaction {
+	if len(t.heads) == 0 {
+		return nil
 	}
-	heap.Init(&byPrice)
-
-	// Merge by replacing the best with the next from the same account
-	txs = txs[:0]
-	for len(byPrice) > 0 {
-		// Retrieve the next best transaction by price
-		best := heap.Pop(&byPrice).(*Transaction)
-
-		// Push in its place the next transaction from the same account
-		acc, _ := best.From() // we only sort valid txs so this cannot fail
-		if accTxs, ok := byNonce[acc]; ok && len(accTxs) > 0 {
-			heap.Push(&byPrice, accTxs[0])
-			byNonce[acc] = accTxs[1:]
-		}
-		// Accumulate the best priced transaction
-		txs = append(txs, best)
+	return t.heads[0]
+}
+
+// Shift replaces the current best head with the next one from the same account.
+func (t *TransactionsByPriceAndNonce) Shift() {
+	acc, _ := t.heads[0].From() // we only sort valid txs so this cannot fail
+
+	if txs, ok := t.txs[acc]; ok && len(txs) > 0 {
+		t.heads[0], t.txs[acc] = txs[0], txs[1:]
+		heap.Fix(&t.heads, 0)
+	} else {
+		heap.Pop(&t.heads)
 	}
 }
+
+// Pop removes the best transaction, *not* replacing it with the next one from
+// the same account. This should be used when a transaction cannot be executed
+// and hence all subsequent ones should be discarded from the same account.
+func (t *TransactionsByPriceAndNonce) Pop() {
+	heap.Pop(&t.heads)
+}

core/types/transaction_test.go

@@ -128,15 +128,25 @@ func TestTransactionPriceNonceSort(t *testing.T) {
 		keys[i], _ = crypto.GenerateKey()
 	}
 	// Generate a batch of transactions with overlapping values, but shifted nonces
-	txs := []*Transaction{}
+	groups := map[common.Address]Transactions{}
 	for start, key := range keys {
+		addr := crypto.PubkeyToAddress(key.PublicKey)
 		for i := 0; i < 25; i++ {
 			tx, _ := NewTransaction(uint64(start+i), common.Address{}, big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(100), big.NewInt(int64(start+i)), nil).SignECDSA(key)
-			txs = append(txs, tx)
+			groups[addr] = append(groups[addr], tx)
 		}
 	}
 	// Sort the transactions and cross check the nonce ordering
-	SortByPriceAndNonce(txs)
+	txset := NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(groups)
+
+	txs := Transactions{}
+	for {
+		if tx := txset.Peek(); tx != nil {
+			txs = append(txs, tx)
+			txset.Shift()
+		}
+		break
+	}
 	for i, txi := range txs {
 		fromi, _ := txi.From()
 

eth/api_backend.go

@@ -118,21 +118,25 @@ func (b *EthApiBackend) RemoveTx(txHash common.Hash) {
 	b.eth.txMu.Lock()
 	defer b.eth.txMu.Unlock()
 
-	b.eth.txPool.RemoveTx(txHash)
+	b.eth.txPool.Remove(txHash)
 }
 
 func (b *EthApiBackend) GetPoolTransactions() types.Transactions {
 	b.eth.txMu.Lock()
 	defer b.eth.txMu.Unlock()
 
-	return b.eth.txPool.GetTransactions()
+	var txs types.Transactions
+	for _, batch := range b.eth.txPool.Pending() {
+		txs = append(txs, batch...)
+	}
+	return txs
 }
 
-func (b *EthApiBackend) GetPoolTransaction(txHash common.Hash) *types.Transaction {
+func (b *EthApiBackend) GetPoolTransaction(hash common.Hash) *types.Transaction {
 	b.eth.txMu.Lock()
 	defer b.eth.txMu.Unlock()
 
-	return b.eth.txPool.GetTransaction(txHash)
+	return b.eth.txPool.Get(hash)
 }
 
 func (b *EthApiBackend) GetPoolNonce(ctx context.Context, addr common.Address) (uint64, error) {
@@ -149,7 +153,7 @@ func (b *EthApiBackend) Stats() (pending int, queued int) {
 	return b.eth.txPool.Stats()
 }
 
-func (b *EthApiBackend) TxPoolContent() (map[common.Address]map[uint64][]*types.Transaction, map[common.Address]map[uint64][]*types.Transaction) {
+func (b *EthApiBackend) TxPoolContent() (map[common.Address]types.Transactions, map[common.Address]types.Transactions) {
 	b.eth.txMu.Lock()
 	defer b.eth.txMu.Unlock()
 

eth/handler.go

@@ -677,7 +677,7 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handleMsg(p *peer) error {
 			}
 			p.MarkTransaction(tx.Hash())
 		}
-		pm.txpool.AddTransactions(txs)
+		pm.txpool.AddBatch(txs)
 
 	default:
 		return errResp(ErrInvalidMsgCode, "%v", msg.Code)

eth/helper_test.go

@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ import (
 	"crypto/ecdsa"
 	"crypto/rand"
 	"math/big"
+	"sort"
 	"sync"
 	"testing"
 
@@ -89,9 +90,9 @@ type testTxPool struct {
 	lock sync.RWMutex // Protects the transaction pool
 }
 
-// AddTransactions appends a batch of transactions to the pool, and notifies any
+// AddBatch appends a batch of transactions to the pool, and notifies any
 // listeners if the addition channel is non nil
-func (p *testTxPool) AddTransactions(txs []*types.Transaction) {
+func (p *testTxPool) AddBatch(txs []*types.Transaction) {
 	p.lock.Lock()
 	defer p.lock.Unlock()
 
@@ -101,15 +102,20 @@ func (p *testTxPool) AddTransactions(txs []*types.Transaction) {
 	}
 }
 
-// GetTransactions returns all the transactions known to the pool
-func (p *testTxPool) GetTransactions() types.Transactions {
+// Pending returns all the transactions known to the pool
+func (p *testTxPool) Pending() map[common.Address]types.Transactions {
 	p.lock.RLock()
 	defer p.lock.RUnlock()
 
-	txs := make([]*types.Transaction, len(p.pool))
-	copy(txs, p.pool)
-
-	return txs
+	batches := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
+	for _, tx := range p.pool {
+		from, _ := tx.From()
+		batches[from] = append(batches[from], tx)
+	}
+	for _, batch := range batches {
+		sort.Sort(types.TxByNonce(batch))
+	}
+	return batches
 }
 
 // newTestTransaction create a new dummy transaction.

eth/protocol.go

@@ -97,12 +97,12 @@ var errorToString = map[int]string{
 }
 
 type txPool interface {
-	// AddTransactions should add the given transactions to the pool.
-	AddTransactions([]*types.Transaction)
+	// AddBatch should add the given transactions to the pool.
+	AddBatch([]*types.Transaction)
 
-	// GetTransactions should return pending transactions.
+	// Pending should return pending transactions.
 	// The slice should be modifiable by the caller.
-	GetTransactions() types.Transactions
+	Pending() map[common.Address]types.Transactions
 }
 
 // statusData is the network packet for the status message.

eth/protocol_test.go

@@ -130,7 +130,7 @@ func testSendTransactions(t *testing.T, protocol int) {
 	for nonce := range alltxs {
 		alltxs[nonce] = newTestTransaction(testAccount, uint64(nonce), txsize)
 	}
-	pm.txpool.AddTransactions(alltxs)
+	pm.txpool.AddBatch(alltxs)
 
 	// Connect several peers. They should all receive the pending transactions.
 	var wg sync.WaitGroup

eth/sync.go

@@ -45,7 +45,10 @@ type txsync struct {
 
 // syncTransactions starts sending all currently pending transactions to the given peer.
 func (pm *ProtocolManager) syncTransactions(p *peer) {
-	txs := pm.txpool.GetTransactions()
+	var txs types.Transactions
+	for _, batch := range pm.txpool.Pending() {
+		txs = append(txs, batch...)
+	}
 	if len(txs) == 0 {
 		return
 	}

internal/ethapi/api.go

@@ -100,32 +100,26 @@ func NewPublicTxPoolAPI(b Backend) *PublicTxPoolAPI {
 }
 
 // Content returns the transactions contained within the transaction pool.
-func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string][]*RPCTransaction {
-	content := map[string]map[string]map[string][]*RPCTransaction{
-		"pending": make(map[string]map[string][]*RPCTransaction),
-		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string][]*RPCTransaction),
+func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Content() map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction {
+	content := map[string]map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction{
+		"pending": make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
+		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string]*RPCTransaction),
 	}
 	pending, queue := s.b.TxPoolContent()
 
 	// Flatten the pending transactions
-	for account, batches := range pending {
-		dump := make(map[string][]*RPCTransaction)
-		for nonce, txs := range batches {
-			nonce := fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				dump[nonce] = append(dump[nonce], newRPCPendingTransaction(tx))
-			}
+	for account, txs := range pending {
+		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction)
+		for nonce, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)] = newRPCPendingTransaction(tx)
 		}
 		content["pending"][account.Hex()] = dump
 	}
 	// Flatten the queued transactions
-	for account, batches := range queue {
-		dump := make(map[string][]*RPCTransaction)
-		for nonce, txs := range batches {
-			nonce := fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				dump[nonce] = append(dump[nonce], newRPCPendingTransaction(tx))
-			}
+	for account, txs := range queue {
+		dump := make(map[string]*RPCTransaction)
+		for nonce, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)] = newRPCPendingTransaction(tx)
 		}
 		content["queued"][account.Hex()] = dump
 	}
@@ -143,10 +137,10 @@ func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Status() map[string]*rpc.HexNumber {
 
 // Inspect retrieves the content of the transaction pool and flattens it into an
 // easily inspectable list.
-func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Inspect() map[string]map[string]map[string][]string {
-	content := map[string]map[string]map[string][]string{
-		"pending": make(map[string]map[string][]string),
-		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string][]string),
+func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Inspect() map[string]map[string]map[string]string {
+	content := map[string]map[string]map[string]string{
+		"pending": make(map[string]map[string]string),
+		"queued":  make(map[string]map[string]string),
 	}
 	pending, queue := s.b.TxPoolContent()
 
@@ -158,24 +152,18 @@ func (s *PublicTxPoolAPI) Inspect() map[string]map[string]map[string][]string {
 		return fmt.Sprintf("contract creation: %v wei + %v × %v gas", tx.Value(), tx.Gas(), tx.GasPrice())
 	}
 	// Flatten the pending transactions
-	for account, batches := range pending {
-		dump := make(map[string][]string)
-		for nonce, txs := range batches {
-			nonce := fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				dump[nonce] = append(dump[nonce], format(tx))
-			}
+	for account, txs := range pending {
+		dump := make(map[string]string)
+		for nonce, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)] = format(tx)
 		}
 		content["pending"][account.Hex()] = dump
 	}
 	// Flatten the queued transactions
-	for account, batches := range queue {
-		dump := make(map[string][]string)
-		for nonce, txs := range batches {
-			nonce := fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)
-			for _, tx := range txs {
-				dump[nonce] = append(dump[nonce], format(tx))
-			}
+	for account, txs := range queue {
+		dump := make(map[string]string)
+		for nonce, tx := range txs {
+			dump[fmt.Sprintf("%d", nonce)] = format(tx)
 		}
 		content["queued"][account.Hex()] = dump
 	}

internal/ethapi/backend.go

@@ -58,7 +58,7 @@ type Backend interface {
 	GetPoolTransaction(txHash common.Hash) *types.Transaction
 	GetPoolNonce(ctx context.Context, addr common.Address) (uint64, error)
 	Stats() (pending int, queued int)
-	TxPoolContent() (map[common.Address]map[uint64][]*types.Transaction, map[common.Address]map[uint64][]*types.Transaction)
+	TxPoolContent() (map[common.Address]types.Transactions, map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
 }
 
 type State interface {

miner/worker.go

@@ -63,18 +63,16 @@ type uint64RingBuffer struct {
 // Work is the workers current environment and holds
 // all of the current state information
 type Work struct {
-	config             *core.ChainConfig
-	state              *state.StateDB // apply state changes here
-	ancestors          *set.Set       // ancestor set (used for checking uncle parent validity)
-	family             *set.Set       // family set (used for checking uncle invalidity)
-	uncles             *set.Set       // uncle set
-	remove             *set.Set       // tx which will be removed
-	tcount             int            // tx count in cycle
-	ignoredTransactors *set.Set
-	lowGasTransactors  *set.Set
-	ownedAccounts      *set.Set
-	lowGasTxs          types.Transactions
-	localMinedBlocks   *uint64RingBuffer // the most recent block numbers that were mined locally (used to check block inclusion)
+	config           *core.ChainConfig
+	state            *state.StateDB // apply state changes here
+	ancestors        *set.Set       // ancestor set (used for checking uncle parent validity)
+	family           *set.Set       // family set (used for checking uncle invalidity)
+	uncles           *set.Set       // uncle set
+	tcount           int            // tx count in cycle
+	ownedAccounts    *set.Set
+	lowGasTxs        types.Transactions
+	failedTxs        types.Transactions
+	localMinedBlocks *uint64RingBuffer // the most recent block numbers that were mined locally (used to check block inclusion)
 
 	Block *types.Block // the new block
 
@@ -236,7 +234,12 @@ func (self *worker) update() {
 			// Apply transaction to the pending state if we're not mining
 			if atomic.LoadInt32(&self.mining) == 0 {
 				self.currentMu.Lock()
-				self.current.commitTransactions(self.mux, types.Transactions{ev.Tx}, self.gasPrice, self.chain)
+
+				acc, _ := ev.Tx.From()
+				txs := map[common.Address]types.Transactions{acc: types.Transactions{ev.Tx}}
+				txset := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(txs)
+
+				self.current.commitTransactions(self.mux, txset, self.gasPrice, self.chain)
 				self.currentMu.Unlock()
 			}
 		}
@@ -383,10 +386,7 @@ func (self *worker) makeCurrent(parent *types.Block, header *types.Header) error
 	accounts := self.eth.AccountManager().Accounts()
 
 	// Keep track of transactions which return errors so they can be removed
-	work.remove = set.New()
 	work.tcount = 0
-	work.ignoredTransactors = set.New()
-	work.lowGasTransactors = set.New()
 	work.ownedAccounts = accountAddressesSet(accounts)
 	if self.current != nil {
 		work.localMinedBlocks = self.current.localMinedBlocks
@@ -495,45 +495,11 @@ func (self *worker) commitNewWork() {
 	if self.config.DAOForkSupport && self.config.DAOForkBlock != nil && self.config.DAOForkBlock.Cmp(header.Number) == 0 {
 		core.ApplyDAOHardFork(work.state)
 	}
+	txs := types.NewTransactionsByPriceAndNonce(self.eth.TxPool().Pending())
+	work.commitTransactions(self.mux, txs, self.gasPrice, self.chain)
 
-	/* //approach 1
-	transactions := self.eth.TxPool().GetTransactions()
-	sort.Sort(types.TxByNonce(transactions))
-	*/
-
-	//approach 2
-	transactions := self.eth.TxPool().GetTransactions()
-	types.SortByPriceAndNonce(transactions)
-
-	/* // approach 3
-	// commit transactions for this run.
-	txPerOwner := make(map[common.Address]types.Transactions)
-	// Sort transactions by owner
-	for _, tx := range self.eth.TxPool().GetTransactions() {
-		from, _ := tx.From() // we can ignore the sender error
-		txPerOwner[from] = append(txPerOwner[from], tx)
-	}
-	var (
-		singleTxOwner types.Transactions
-		multiTxOwner  types.Transactions
-	)
-	// Categorise transactions by
-	// 1. 1 owner tx per block
-	// 2. multi txs owner per block
-	for _, txs := range txPerOwner {
-		if len(txs) == 1 {
-			singleTxOwner = append(singleTxOwner, txs[0])
-		} else {
-			multiTxOwner = append(multiTxOwner, txs...)
-		}
-	}
-	sort.Sort(types.TxByPrice(singleTxOwner))
-	sort.Sort(types.TxByNonce(multiTxOwner))
-	transactions := append(singleTxOwner, multiTxOwner...)
-	*/
-
-	work.commitTransactions(self.mux, transactions, self.gasPrice, self.chain)
-	self.eth.TxPool().RemoveTransactions(work.lowGasTxs)
+	self.eth.TxPool().RemoveBatch(work.lowGasTxs)
+	self.eth.TxPool().RemoveBatch(work.failedTxs)
 
 	// compute uncles for the new block.
 	var (
@@ -591,65 +557,51 @@ func (self *worker) commitUncle(work *Work, uncle *types.Header) error {
 	return nil
 }
 
-func (env *Work) commitTransactions(mux *event.TypeMux, transactions types.Transactions, gasPrice *big.Int, bc *core.BlockChain) {
+func (env *Work) commitTransactions(mux *event.TypeMux, txs *types.TransactionsByPriceAndNonce, gasPrice *big.Int, bc *core.BlockChain) {
 	gp := new(core.GasPool).AddGas(env.header.GasLimit)
 
 	var coalescedLogs vm.Logs
-	for _, tx := range transactions {
+	for {
+		// Retrieve the next transaction and abort if all done
+		tx := txs.Peek()
+		if tx == nil {
+			break
+		}
 		// Error may be ignored here. The error has already been checked
 		// during transaction acceptance is the transaction pool.
 		from, _ := tx.From()
 
-		// Check if it falls within margin. Txs from owned accounts are always processed.
+		// Ignore any transactions (and accounts subsequently) with low gas limits
 		if tx.GasPrice().Cmp(gasPrice) < 0 && !env.ownedAccounts.Has(from) {
-			// ignore the transaction and transactor. We ignore the transactor
-			// because nonce will fail after ignoring this transaction so there's
-			// no point
-			env.lowGasTransactors.Add(from)
-
-			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("transaction(%x) below gas price (tx=%v ask=%v). All sequential txs from this address(%x) will be ignored\n", tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4], common.CurrencyToString(tx.GasPrice()), common.CurrencyToString(gasPrice), from[:4])
-		}
+			// Pop the current low-priced transaction without shifting in the next from the account
+			glog.V(logger.Info).Infof("Transaction (%x) below gas price (tx=%v ask=%v). All sequential txs from this address(%x) will be ignored\n", tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4], common.CurrencyToString(tx.GasPrice()), common.CurrencyToString(gasPrice), from[:4])
 
-		// Continue with the next transaction if the transaction sender is included in
-		// the low gas tx set. This will also remove the tx and all sequential transaction
-		// from this transactor
-		if env.lowGasTransactors.Has(from) {
-			// add tx to the low gas set. This will be removed at the end of the run
-			// owned accounts are ignored
-			if !env.ownedAccounts.Has(from) {
-				env.lowGasTxs = append(env.lowGasTxs, tx)
-			}
-			continue
-		}
+			env.lowGasTxs = append(env.lowGasTxs, tx)
+			txs.Pop()
 
-		// Move on to the next transaction when the transactor is in ignored transactions set
-		// This may occur when a transaction hits the gas limit. When a gas limit is hit and
-		// the transaction is processed (that could potentially be included in the block) it
-		// will throw a nonce error because the previous transaction hasn't been processed.
-		// Therefor we need to ignore any transaction after the ignored one.
-		if env.ignoredTransactors.Has(from) {
 			continue
 		}
-
+		// Start executing the transaction
 		env.state.StartRecord(tx.Hash(), common.Hash{}, 0)
 
 		err, logs := env.commitTransaction(tx, bc, gp)
 		switch {
 		case core.IsGasLimitErr(err):
-			// ignore the transactor so no nonce errors will be thrown for this account
-			// next time the worker is run, they'll be picked up again.
-			env.ignoredTransactors.Add(from)
-
+			// Pop the current out-of-gas transaction without shifting in the next from the account
 			glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("Gas limit reached for (%x) in this block. Continue to try smaller txs\n", from[:4])
+			txs.Pop()
+
 		case err != nil:
-			env.remove.Add(tx.Hash())
+			// Pop the current failed transaction without shifting in the next from the account
+			glog.V(logger.Detail).Infof("Transaction (%x) failed, will be removed: %v\n", tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4], err)
+			env.failedTxs = append(env.failedTxs, tx)
+			txs.Pop()
 
-			if glog.V(logger.Detail) {
-				glog.Infof("TX (%x) failed, will be removed: %v\n", tx.Hash().Bytes()[:4], err)
-			}
 		default:
-			env.tcount++
+			// Everything ok, collect the logs and shift in the next transaction from the same account
 			coalescedLogs = append(coalescedLogs, logs...)
+			env.tcount++
+			txs.Shift()
 		}
 	}
 	if len(coalescedLogs) > 0 || env.tcount > 0 {