les: implement light server pool

les/handler.go

@@ -22,10 +22,12 @@ import (
 	"errors"
 	"fmt"
 	"math/big"
+	"net"
 	"sync"
 	"time"
 
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/state"
 	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/core/types"
@@ -101,10 +103,7 @@ type ProtocolManager struct {
 	chainDb     ethdb.Database
 	odr         *LesOdr
 	server      *LesServer
-
-	topicDisc *discv5.Network
-	lesTopic  discv5.Topic
-	p2pServer *p2p.Server
+	serverPool  *serverPool
 
 	downloader *downloader.Downloader
 	fetcher    *lightFetcher
@@ -157,13 +156,46 @@ func NewProtocolManager(chainConfig *params.ChainConfig, lightSync bool, network
 			Version: version,
 			Length:  ProtocolLengths[i],
 			Run: func(p *p2p.Peer, rw p2p.MsgReadWriter) error {
+				var entry *poolEntry
+				if manager.serverPool != nil {
+					addr := p.RemoteAddr().(*net.TCPAddr)
+					entry = manager.serverPool.connect(p.ID(), addr.IP, uint16(addr.Port))
+					if entry == nil {
+						return fmt.Errorf("unwanted connection")
+					}
+				}
 				peer := manager.newPeer(int(version), networkId, p, rw)
+				peer.poolEntry = entry
 				select {
 				case manager.newPeerCh <- peer:
 					manager.wg.Add(1)
 					defer manager.wg.Done()
-					return manager.handle(peer)
+					start := mclock.Now()
+					err := manager.handle(peer)
+					if entry != nil {
+						connTime := time.Duration(mclock.Now() - start)
+						stopped := false
+						select {
+						case <-manager.quitSync:
+							stopped = true
+						default:
+						}
+						//fmt.Println("connTime", peer.id, connTime, stopped, err)
+						quality := float64(1)
+						setQuality := true
+						if connTime < time.Minute*10 {
+							quality = 0
+							if stopped {
+								setQuality = false
+							}
+						}
+						manager.serverPool.disconnect(entry, quality, setQuality)
+					}
+					return err
 				case <-manager.quitSync:
+					if entry != nil {
+						manager.serverPool.disconnect(entry, 0, false)
+					}
 					return p2p.DiscQuitting
 				}
 			},
@@ -236,54 +268,24 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) removePeer(id string) {
 	}
 }
 
-func (pm *ProtocolManager) findServers() {
-	if pm.p2pServer == nil || pm.topicDisc == nil {
-		return
-	}
-	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Looking for topic", string(pm.lesTopic))
-	enodes := make(chan string, 100)
-	stop := make(chan struct{})
-	go pm.topicDisc.SearchTopic(pm.lesTopic, stop, enodes)
-	go func() {
-		added := make(map[string]bool)
-		for {
-			select {
-			case enode := <-enodes:
-				if !added[enode] {
-					glog.V(logger.Info).Infoln("Found LES server:", enode)
-					added[enode] = true
-					if node, err := discover.ParseNode(enode); err == nil {
-						pm.p2pServer.AddPeer(node)
-					}
-				}
-			case <-stop:
-				return
-			}
-		}
-	}()
-	select {
-	case <-time.After(time.Second * 20):
-	case <-pm.quitSync:
-	}
-	close(stop)
-}
-
 func (pm *ProtocolManager) Start(srvr *p2p.Server) {
-	pm.p2pServer = srvr
+	var topicDisc *discv5.Network
 	if srvr != nil {
-		pm.topicDisc = srvr.DiscV5
+		topicDisc = srvr.DiscV5
 	}
-	pm.lesTopic = discv5.Topic("LES@" + common.Bytes2Hex(pm.blockchain.Genesis().Hash().Bytes()[0:8]))
+	lesTopic := discv5.Topic("LES@" + common.Bytes2Hex(pm.blockchain.Genesis().Hash().Bytes()[0:8]))
 	if pm.lightSync {
 		// start sync handler
-		go pm.findServers()
+		if srvr != nil {
+			pm.serverPool = newServerPool(pm.chainDb, []byte("serverPool/"), srvr, lesTopic, pm.quitSync, &pm.wg)
+		}
 		go pm.syncer()
 	} else {
-		if pm.topicDisc != nil {
+		if topicDisc != nil {
 			go func() {
-				glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Starting registering topic", string(pm.lesTopic))
-				pm.topicDisc.RegisterTopic(pm.lesTopic, pm.quitSync)
-				glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Stopped registering topic", string(pm.lesTopic))
+				glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Starting registering topic", string(lesTopic))
+				topicDisc.RegisterTopic(lesTopic, pm.quitSync)
+				glog.V(logger.Debug).Infoln("Stopped registering topic", string(lesTopic))
 			}()
 		}
 		go func() {
@@ -373,6 +375,10 @@ func (pm *ProtocolManager) handle(p *peer) error {
 		}
 
 		pm.fetcher.notify(p, nil)
+
+		if p.poolEntry != nil {
+			pm.serverPool.registered(p.poolEntry)
+		}
 	}
 
 	stop := make(chan struct{})

les/peer.go

@@ -57,6 +57,8 @@ type peer struct {
 
 	announceChn chan announceData
 
+	poolEntry *poolEntry
+
 	fcClient       *flowcontrol.ClientNode // nil if the peer is server only
 	fcServer       *flowcontrol.ServerNode // nil if the peer is client only
 	fcServerParams *flowcontrol.ServerParams

les/randselect.go

+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
+package les
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+)
+
+// wrsItem interface should be implemented by any entries that are to be selected from
+// a weightedRandomSelect set. Note that recalculating monotonously decreasing item
+// weights on-demand (without constantly calling update) is allowed
+type wrsItem interface {
+	Weight() int64
+}
+
+// weightedRandomSelect is capable of weighted random selection from a set of items
+type weightedRandomSelect struct {
+	root *wrsNode
+	idx  map[wrsItem]int
+}
+
+// newWeightedRandomSelect returns a new weightedRandomSelect structure
+func newWeightedRandomSelect() *weightedRandomSelect {
+	return &weightedRandomSelect{root: &wrsNode{maxItems: wrsBranches}, idx: make(map[wrsItem]int)}
+}
+
+// update updates an item's weight, adds it if it was non-existent or removes it if
+// the new weight is zero. Note that explicitly updating decreasing weights is not necessary.
+func (w *weightedRandomSelect) update(item wrsItem) {
+	w.setWeight(item, item.Weight())
+}
+
+// remove removes an item from the set
+func (w *weightedRandomSelect) remove(item wrsItem) {
+	w.setWeight(item, 0)
+}
+
+// setWeight sets an item's weight to a specific value (removes it if zero)
+func (w *weightedRandomSelect) setWeight(item wrsItem, weight int64) {
+	idx, ok := w.idx[item]
+	if ok {
+		w.root.setWeight(idx, weight)
+		if weight == 0 {
+			delete(w.idx, item)
+		}
+	} else {
+		if weight != 0 {
+			if w.root.itemCnt == w.root.maxItems {
+				// add a new level
+				newRoot := &wrsNode{sumWeight: w.root.sumWeight, itemCnt: w.root.itemCnt, level: w.root.level + 1, maxItems: w.root.maxItems * wrsBranches}
+				newRoot.items[0] = w.root
+				newRoot.weights[0] = w.root.sumWeight
+				w.root = newRoot
+			}
+			w.idx[item] = w.root.insert(item, weight)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// choose randomly selects an item from the set, with a chance proportional to its
+// current weight. If the weight of the chosen element has been decreased since the
+// last stored value, returns it with a newWeight/oldWeight chance, otherwise just
+// updates its weight and selects another one
+func (w *weightedRandomSelect) choose() wrsItem {
+	for {
+		if w.root.sumWeight == 0 {
+			return nil
+		}
+		val := rand.Int63n(w.root.sumWeight)
+		choice, lastWeight := w.root.choose(val)
+		weight := choice.Weight()
+		if weight != lastWeight {
+			w.setWeight(choice, weight)
+		}
+		if weight >= lastWeight || rand.Int63n(lastWeight) < weight {
+			return choice
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+const wrsBranches = 8 // max number of branches in the wrsNode tree
+
+// wrsNode is a node of a tree structure that can store wrsItems or further wrsNodes.
+type wrsNode struct {
+	items                    [wrsBranches]interface{}
+	weights                  [wrsBranches]int64
+	sumWeight                int64
+	level, itemCnt, maxItems int
+}
+
+// insert recursively inserts a new item to the tree and returns the item index
+func (n *wrsNode) insert(item wrsItem, weight int64) int {
+	branch := 0
+	for n.items[branch] != nil && (n.level == 0 || n.items[branch].(*wrsNode).itemCnt == n.items[branch].(*wrsNode).maxItems) {
+		branch++
+		if branch == wrsBranches {
+			panic(nil)
+		}
+	}
+	n.itemCnt++
+	n.sumWeight += weight
+	n.weights[branch] += weight
+	if n.level == 0 {
+		n.items[branch] = item
+		return branch
+	} else {
+		var subNode *wrsNode
+		if n.items[branch] == nil {
+			subNode = &wrsNode{maxItems: n.maxItems / wrsBranches, level: n.level - 1}
+			n.items[branch] = subNode
+		} else {
+			subNode = n.items[branch].(*wrsNode)
+		}
+		subIdx := subNode.insert(item, weight)
+		return subNode.maxItems*branch + subIdx
+	}
+}
+
+// setWeight updates the weight of a certain item (which should exist) and returns
+// the change of the last weight value stored in the tree
+func (n *wrsNode) setWeight(idx int, weight int64) int64 {
+	if n.level == 0 {
+		oldWeight := n.weights[idx]
+		n.weights[idx] = weight
+		diff := weight - oldWeight
+		n.sumWeight += diff
+		if weight == 0 {
+			n.items[idx] = nil
+			n.itemCnt--
+		}
+		return diff
+	}
+	branchItems := n.maxItems / wrsBranches
+	branch := idx / branchItems
+	diff := n.items[branch].(*wrsNode).setWeight(idx-branch*branchItems, weight)
+	n.weights[branch] += diff
+	n.sumWeight += diff
+	if weight == 0 {
+		n.itemCnt--
+	}
+	return diff
+}
+
+// choose recursively selects an item from the tree and returns it along with its weight
+func (n *wrsNode) choose(val int64) (wrsItem, int64) {
+	for i, w := range n.weights {
+		if val < w {
+			if n.level == 0 {
+				return n.items[i].(wrsItem), n.weights[i]
+			} else {
+				return n.items[i].(*wrsNode).choose(val)
+			}
+		} else {
+			val -= w
+		}
+	}
+	panic(nil)
+}

les/randselect_test.go

+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+package les
+
+import (
+	"math/rand"
+	"testing"
+)
+
+type testWrsItem struct {
+	idx  int
+	widx *int
+}
+
+func (t *testWrsItem) Weight() int64 {
+	w := *t.widx
+	if w == -1 || w == t.idx {
+		return int64(t.idx + 1)
+	}
+	return 0
+}
+
+func TestWeightedRandomSelect(t *testing.T) {
+	testFn := func(cnt int) {
+		s := newWeightedRandomSelect()
+		w := -1
+		list := make([]testWrsItem, cnt)
+		for i, _ := range list {
+			list[i] = testWrsItem{idx: i, widx: &w}
+			s.update(&list[i])
+		}
+		w = rand.Intn(cnt)
+		c := s.choose()
+		if c == nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected item, got nil")
+		} else {
+			if c.(*testWrsItem).idx != w {
+				t.Errorf("expected another item")
+			}
+		}
+		w = -2
+		if s.choose() != nil {
+			t.Errorf("expected nil, got item")
+		}
+	}
+	testFn(1)
+	testFn(10)
+	testFn(100)
+	testFn(1000)
+	testFn(10000)
+	testFn(100000)
+	testFn(1000000)
+}

les/serverpool.go

+// Copyright 2016 The go-ethereum Authors
+// This file is part of the go-ethereum library.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
+// it under the terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License as published by
+// the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
+// (at your option) any later version.
+//
+// The go-ethereum library is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+// but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
+// GNU Lesser General Public License for more details.
+//
+// You should have received a copy of the GNU Lesser General Public License
+// along with the go-ethereum library. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
+
+// Package les implements the Light Ethereum Subprotocol.
+package les
+
+import (
+	"io"
+	"math"
+	"math/rand"
+	"net"
+	"strconv"
+	"sync"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/common/mclock"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/ethdb"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/logger/glog"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discover"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/p2p/discv5"
+	"github.com/ethereum/go-ethereum/rlp"
+)
+
+const (
+	// After a connection has been ended or timed out, there is a waiting period
+	// before it can be selected for connection again.
+	// waiting period = base delay * (1 + random(1))
+	// base delay = shortRetryDelay for the first shortRetryCnt times after a
+	// successful connection, after that longRetryDelay is applied
+	shortRetryCnt   = 5
+	shortRetryDelay = time.Second * 5
+	longRetryDelay  = time.Minute * 10
+	// maxNewEntries is the maximum number of newly discovered (never connected) nodes.
+	// If the limit is reached, the least recently discovered one is thrown out.
+	maxNewEntries = 1000
+	// maxKnownEntries is the maximum number of known (already connected) nodes.
+	// If the limit is reached, the least recently connected one is thrown out.
+	// (not that unlike new entries, known entries are persistent)
+	maxKnownEntries = 1000
+	// target for simultaneously connected servers
+	targetServerCount = 5
+	// target for servers selected from the known table
+	// (we leave room for trying new ones if there is any)
+	targetKnownSelect = 3
+	// after dialTimeout, consider the server unavailable and adjust statistics
+	dialTimeout = time.Second * 30
+	// new entry selection weight calculation based on most recent discovery time:
+	// unity until discoverExpireStart, then exponential decay with discoverExpireConst
+	discoverExpireStart = time.Minute * 20
+	discoverExpireConst = time.Minute * 20
+	// known entry selection weight is dropped by a factor of exp(-failDropLn) after
+	// each unsuccessful connection (restored after a successful one)
+	failDropLn = 0.1
+	// known node connection success and quality statistics have a long term average
+	// and a short term value which is adjusted exponentially with a factor of
+	// pstatRecentAdjust with each dial/connection and also returned exponentially
+	// to the average with the time constant pstatReturnToMeanTC
+	pstatRecentAdjust   = 0.1
+	pstatReturnToMeanTC = time.Hour
+	// node address selection weight is dropped by a factor of exp(-addrFailDropLn) after
+	// each unsuccessful connection (restored after a successful one)
+	addrFailDropLn = math.Ln2
+)
+
+// serverPool implements a pool for storing and selecting newly discovered and already
+// known light server nodes. It received discovered nodes, stores statistics about
+// known nodes and takes care of always having enough good quality servers connected.
+type serverPool struct {
+	db     ethdb.Database
+	dbKey  []byte
+	server *p2p.Server
+	quit   chan struct{}
+	wg     *sync.WaitGroup
+	connWg sync.WaitGroup
+
+	discSetPeriod chan time.Duration
+	discNodes     chan *discv5.Node
+	discLookups   chan bool
+
+	entries              map[discover.NodeID]*poolEntry
+	lock                 sync.Mutex
+	timeout, enableRetry chan *poolEntry
+
+	knownQueue, newQueue       poolEntryQueue
+	knownSelect, newSelect     *weightedRandomSelect
+	knownSelected, newSelected int
+	fastDiscover               bool
+}
+
+// newServerPool creates a new serverPool instance
+func newServerPool(db ethdb.Database, dbPrefix []byte, server *p2p.Server, topic discv5.Topic, quit chan struct{}, wg *sync.WaitGroup) *serverPool {
+	pool := &serverPool{
+		db:           db,
+		dbKey:        append(dbPrefix, []byte(topic)...),
+		server:       server,
+		quit:         quit,
+		wg:           wg,
+		entries:      make(map[discover.NodeID]*poolEntry),
+		timeout:      make(chan *poolEntry, 1),
+		enableRetry:  make(chan *poolEntry, 1),
+		knownSelect:  newWeightedRandomSelect(),
+		newSelect:    newWeightedRandomSelect(),
+		fastDiscover: true,
+	}
+	pool.knownQueue = newPoolEntryQueue(maxKnownEntries, pool.removeEntry)
+	pool.newQueue = newPoolEntryQueue(maxNewEntries, pool.removeEntry)
+	wg.Add(1)
+	pool.loadNodes()
+	pool.checkDial()
+
+	if pool.server.DiscV5 != nil {
+		pool.discSetPeriod = make(chan time.Duration, 1)
+		pool.discNodes = make(chan *discv5.Node, 100)
+		pool.discLookups = make(chan bool, 100)
+		go pool.server.DiscV5.SearchTopic(topic, pool.discSetPeriod, pool.discNodes, pool.discLookups)
+	}
+
+	go pool.eventLoop()
+	return pool
+}
+
+// connect should be called upon any incoming connection. If the connection has been
+// dialed by the server pool recently, the appropriate pool entry is returned.
+// Otherwise, the connection should be rejected.
+// Note that whenever a connection has been accepted and a pool entry has been returned,
+// disconnect should also always be called.
+func (pool *serverPool) connect(id discover.NodeID, ip net.IP, port uint16) *poolEntry {
+	pool.lock.Lock()
+	defer pool.lock.Unlock()
+	entry := pool.entries[id]
+	if entry == nil {
+		return nil
+	}
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("connecting to %v, state: %v", id.String(), entry.state)
+	if entry.state != psDialed {
+		return nil
+	}
+	pool.connWg.Add(1)
+	entry.state = psConnected
+	addr := &poolEntryAddress{
+		ip:       ip,
+		port:     port,
+		lastSeen: mclock.Now(),
+	}
+	entry.lastConnected = addr
+	entry.addr = make(map[string]*poolEntryAddress)
+	entry.addr[addr.strKey()] = addr
+	entry.addrSelect = *newWeightedRandomSelect()
+	entry.addrSelect.update(addr)
+	return entry
+}
+
+// registered should be called after a successful handshake
+func (pool *serverPool) registered(entry *poolEntry) {
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("registered %v", entry.id.String())
+	pool.lock.Lock()
+	defer pool.lock.Unlock()
+
+	entry.state = psRegistered
+	if !entry.known {
+		pool.newQueue.remove(entry)
+		entry.known = true
+	}
+	pool.knownQueue.setLatest(entry)
+	entry.shortRetry = shortRetryCnt
+	entry.connectStats.add(1)
+}
+
+// disconnect should be called when ending a connection. Service quality statistics
+// can be updated optionally (not updated if no registration happened, in this case
+// only connection statistics are updated, just like in case of timeout)
+func (pool *serverPool) disconnect(entry *poolEntry, quality float64, setQuality bool) {
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("disconnected %v", entry.id.String())
+	pool.lock.Lock()
+	defer pool.lock.Unlock()
+
+	if entry.state != psRegistered {
+		setQuality = false
+	}
+	entry.state = psNotConnected
+	if entry.knownSelected {
+		pool.knownSelected--
+	} else {
+		pool.newSelected--
+	}
+	if setQuality {
+		glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("update quality %v %v", quality, entry.id.String())
+		entry.qualityStats.add(quality)
+	} else {
+		glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("do not update quality")
+	}
+	pool.setRetryDial(entry)
+	pool.connWg.Done()
+}
+
+// eventLoop handles pool events and mutex locking for all internal functions
+func (pool *serverPool) eventLoop() {
+	lookupCnt := 0
+	var convTime mclock.AbsTime
+	pool.discSetPeriod <- time.Millisecond * 100
+	for {
+		select {
+		case entry := <-pool.timeout:
+			pool.lock.Lock()
+			if !entry.removed {
+				pool.checkDialTimeout(entry)
+			}
+			pool.lock.Unlock()
+
+		case entry := <-pool.enableRetry:
+			pool.lock.Lock()
+			if !entry.removed {
+				entry.delayedRetry = false
+				pool.updateCheckDial(entry)
+			}
+			pool.lock.Unlock()
+
+		case node := <-pool.discNodes:
+			pool.lock.Lock()
+			now := mclock.Now()
+			id := discover.NodeID(node.ID)
+			entry := pool.entries[id]
+			if entry == nil {
+				glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("discovered %v", node.String())
+				entry = &poolEntry{
+					id:         id,
+					addr:       make(map[string]*poolEntryAddress),
+					addrSelect: *newWeightedRandomSelect(),
+					shortRetry: shortRetryCnt,
+				}
+				pool.entries[id] = entry
+			}
+			entry.lastDiscovered = now
+			addr := &poolEntryAddress{
+				ip:   node.IP,
+				port: node.TCP,
+			}
+			if a, ok := entry.addr[addr.strKey()]; ok {
+				addr = a
+			} else {
+				entry.addr[addr.strKey()] = addr
+			}
+			addr.lastSeen = now
+			entry.addrSelect.update(addr)
+			if !entry.known {
+				pool.newQueue.setLatest(entry)
+			}
+			pool.updateCheckDial(entry)
+			pool.lock.Unlock()
+
+		case conv := <-pool.discLookups:
+			if conv {
+				if lookupCnt == 0 {
+					convTime = mclock.Now()
+				}
+				lookupCnt++
+				if pool.fastDiscover && (lookupCnt == 50 || time.Duration(mclock.Now()-convTime) > time.Minute) {
+					pool.fastDiscover = false
+					pool.discSetPeriod <- time.Minute
+				}
+			}
+
+		case <-pool.quit:
+			close(pool.discSetPeriod)
+			pool.connWg.Wait()
+			pool.saveNodes()
+			pool.wg.Done()
+			return
+
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// loadNodes loads known nodes and their statistics from the database
+func (pool *serverPool) loadNodes() {
+	enc, err := pool.db.Get(pool.dbKey)
+	if err != nil {
+		return
+	}
+	var list []*poolEntry
+	err = rlp.DecodeBytes(enc, &list)
+	if err != nil {
+		glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("node list decode error: %v", err)
+		return
+	}
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("loaded node list")
+	for _, e := range list {
+		glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof(" adding node %v  fails: %v  connStats sum: %v cnt: %v  qualityStats sum: %v cnt: %v", e.id.String()+"@"+e.lastConnected.strKey(), e.lastConnected.fails, e.connectStats.sum, e.connectStats.cnt, e.qualityStats.sum, e.qualityStats.cnt)
+		pool.entries[e.id] = e
+		pool.knownQueue.setLatest(e)
+		pool.knownSelect.update((*knownEntry)(e))
+	}
+}
+
+// saveNodes saves known nodes and their statistics into the database. Nodes are
+// ordered from least to most recently connected.
+func (pool *serverPool) saveNodes() {
+	list := make([]*poolEntry, len(pool.knownQueue.queue))
+	for i, _ := range list {
+		list[i] = pool.knownQueue.fetchOldest()
+	}
+	enc, err := rlp.EncodeToBytes(list)
+	if err == nil {
+		pool.db.Put(pool.dbKey, enc)
+	}
+}
+
+// removeEntry removes a pool entry when the entry count limit is reached.
+// Note that it is called by the new/known queues from which the entry has already
+// been removed so removing it from the queues is not necessary.
+func (pool *serverPool) removeEntry(entry *poolEntry) {
+	pool.newSelect.remove((*discoveredEntry)(entry))
+	pool.knownSelect.remove((*knownEntry)(entry))
+	entry.removed = true
+	delete(pool.entries, entry.id)
+}
+
+// setRetryDial starts the timer which will enable dialing a certain node again
+func (pool *serverPool) setRetryDial(entry *poolEntry) {
+	delay := longRetryDelay
+	if entry.shortRetry > 0 {
+		entry.shortRetry--
+		delay = shortRetryDelay
+	}
+	delay += time.Duration(rand.Int63n(int64(delay) + 1))
+	entry.delayedRetry = true
+	go func() {
+		select {
+		case <-pool.quit:
+		case <-time.After(delay):
+			select {
+			case <-pool.quit:
+			case pool.enableRetry <- entry:
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// updateCheckDial is called when an entry can potentially be dialed again. It updates
+// its selection weights and checks if new dials can/should be made.
+func (pool *serverPool) updateCheckDial(entry *poolEntry) {
+	pool.newSelect.update((*discoveredEntry)(entry))
+	pool.knownSelect.update((*knownEntry)(entry))
+	pool.checkDial()
+}
+
+// checkDial checks if new dials can/should be made. It tries to select servers both
+// based on good statistics and recent discovery.
+func (pool *serverPool) checkDial() {
+	fillWithKnownSelects := !pool.fastDiscover
+	for pool.knownSelected < targetKnownSelect {
+		entry := pool.knownSelect.choose()
+		if entry == nil {
+			fillWithKnownSelects = false
+			break
+		}
+		pool.dial((*poolEntry)(entry.(*knownEntry)), true)
+	}
+	for pool.knownSelected+pool.newSelected < targetServerCount {
+		entry := pool.newSelect.choose()
+		if entry == nil {
+			break
+		}
+		pool.dial((*poolEntry)(entry.(*discoveredEntry)), false)
+	}
+	if fillWithKnownSelects {
+		// no more newly discovered nodes to select and since fast discover period
+		// is over, we probably won't find more in the near future so select more
+		// known entries if possible
+		for pool.knownSelected < targetServerCount {
+			entry := pool.knownSelect.choose()
+			if entry == nil {
+				break
+			}
+			pool.dial((*poolEntry)(entry.(*knownEntry)), true)
+		}
+	}
+}
+
+// dial initiates a new connection
+func (pool *serverPool) dial(entry *poolEntry, knownSelected bool) {
+	if entry.state != psNotConnected {
+		return
+	}
+	entry.state = psDialed
+	entry.knownSelected = knownSelected
+	if knownSelected {
+		pool.knownSelected++
+	} else {
+		pool.newSelected++
+	}
+	addr := entry.addrSelect.choose().(*poolEntryAddress)
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("dialing %v out of %v, known: %v", entry.id.String()+"@"+addr.strKey(), len(entry.addr), knownSelected)
+	entry.dialed = addr
+	go func() {
+		pool.server.AddPeer(discover.NewNode(entry.id, addr.ip, addr.port, addr.port))
+		select {
+		case <-pool.quit:
+		case <-time.After(dialTimeout):
+			select {
+			case <-pool.quit:
+			case pool.timeout <- entry:
+			}
+		}
+	}()
+}
+
+// checkDialTimeout checks if the node is still in dialed state and if so, resets it
+// and adjusts connection statistics accordingly.
+func (pool *serverPool) checkDialTimeout(entry *poolEntry) {
+	if entry.state != psDialed {
+		return
+	}
+	glog.V(logger.Debug).Infof("timeout %v", entry.id.String()+"@"+entry.dialed.strKey())
+	entry.state = psNotConnected
+	if entry.knownSelected {
+		pool.knownSelected--
+	} else {
+		pool.newSelected--
+	}
+	entry.connectStats.add(0)
+	entry.dialed.fails++
+	pool.setRetryDial(entry)
+}
+
+const (
+	psNotConnected = iota
+	psDialed
+	psConnected
+	psRegistered
+)
+
+// poolEntry represents a server node and stores its current state and statistics.
+type poolEntry struct {
+	id                    discover.NodeID
+	addr                  map[string]*poolEntryAddress
+	lastConnected, dialed *poolEntryAddress
+	addrSelect            weightedRandomSelect
+
+	lastDiscovered             mclock.AbsTime
+	known, knownSelected       bool
+	connectStats, qualityStats poolStats
+	state                      int
+	queueIdx                   int
+	removed                    bool
+
+	delayedRetry bool
+	shortRetry   int
+}
+
+func (e *poolEntry) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	return rlp.Encode(w, []interface{}{e.id, e.lastConnected.ip, e.lastConnected.port, e.lastConnected.fails, &e.connectStats, &e.qualityStats})
+}
+
+func (e *poolEntry) DecodeRLP(s *rlp.Stream) error {
+	var entry struct {
+		ID           discover.NodeID
+		IP           net.IP
+		Port         uint16
+		Fails        uint
+		CStat, QStat poolStats
+	}
+	if err := s.Decode(&entry); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	addr := &poolEntryAddress{ip: entry.IP, port: entry.Port, fails: entry.Fails, lastSeen: mclock.Now()}
+	e.id = entry.ID
+	e.addr = make(map[string]*poolEntryAddress)
+	e.addr[addr.strKey()] = addr
+	e.addrSelect = *newWeightedRandomSelect()
+	e.addrSelect.update(addr)
+	e.lastConnected = addr
+	e.connectStats = entry.CStat
+	e.qualityStats = entry.QStat
+	e.shortRetry = shortRetryCnt
+	e.known = true
+	return nil
+}
+
+// discoveredEntry implements wrsItem
+type discoveredEntry poolEntry
+
+// Weight calculates random selection weight for newly discovered entries
+func (e *discoveredEntry) Weight() int64 {
+	if e.state != psNotConnected || e.delayedRetry {
+		return 0
+	}
+	t := time.Duration(mclock.Now() - e.lastDiscovered)
+	if t <= discoverExpireStart {
+		return 1000000000
+	} else {
+		return int64(1000000000 * math.Exp(-float64(t-discoverExpireStart)/float64(discoverExpireConst)))
+	}
+}
+
+// knownEntry implements wrsItem
+type knownEntry poolEntry
+
+// Weight calculates random selection weight for known entries
+func (e *knownEntry) Weight() int64 {
+	if e.state != psNotConnected || !e.known || e.delayedRetry {
+		return 0
+	}
+	return int64(1000000000 * e.connectStats.recentAvg() * (e.qualityStats.recentAvg() + 0.001) * math.Exp(-float64(e.lastConnected.fails)*failDropLn))
+}
+
+// poolEntryAddress is a separate object because currently it is necessary to remember
+// multiple potential network addresses for a pool entry. This will be removed after
+// the final implementation of v5 discovery which will retrieve signed and serial
+// numbered advertisements, making it clear which IP/port is the latest one.
+type poolEntryAddress struct {
+	ip       net.IP
+	port     uint16
+	lastSeen mclock.AbsTime // last time it was discovered, connected or loaded from db
+	fails    uint           // connection failures since last successful connection (persistent)
+}
+
+func (a *poolEntryAddress) Weight() int64 {
+	t := time.Duration(mclock.Now() - a.lastSeen)
+	return int64(1000000*math.Exp(-float64(t)/float64(discoverExpireConst)-float64(a.fails)*addrFailDropLn)) + 1
+}
+
+func (a *poolEntryAddress) strKey() string {
+	return a.ip.String() + ":" + strconv.Itoa(int(a.port))
+}
+
+// poolStats implement statistics for a certain quantity with a long term average
+// and a short term value which is adjusted exponentially with a factor of
+// pstatRecentAdjust with each update and also returned exponentially to the
+// average with the time constant pstatReturnToMeanTC
+type poolStats struct {
+	sum, avg, recent float64
+	cnt              uint
+	lastRecalc       mclock.AbsTime
+}
+
+// init initializes stats with a long term sum/update count pair retrieved from the database
+func (s *poolStats) init(sum float64, cnt uint) {
+	s.sum = sum
+	s.cnt = cnt
+	var avg float64
+	if cnt > 0 {
+		avg = s.sum / float64(cnt)
+	}
+	s.avg = avg
+	s.recent = avg
+	s.lastRecalc = mclock.Now()
+}
+
+// recalc recalculates recent value return-to-mean and long term average
+func (s *poolStats) recalc() {
+	now := mclock.Now()
+	s.recent = s.avg + (s.recent-s.avg)*math.Exp(-float64(now-s.lastRecalc)/float64(pstatReturnToMeanTC))
+	if s.cnt > 0 {
+		s.avg = s.sum / float64(s.cnt)
+	}
+	s.lastRecalc = now
+}
+
+// add updates the stats with a new value
+func (s *poolStats) add(val float64) {
+	s.cnt++
+	s.sum += val
+	s.recalc()
+}
+
+// recentAvg returns the short-term adjusted average
+func (s *poolStats) recentAvg() float64 {
+	s.recalc()
+	return s.recent
+}
+
+func (s *poolStats) EncodeRLP(w io.Writer) error {
+	return rlp.Encode(w, []interface{}{math.Float64bits(s.sum), s.cnt})
+}
+
+func (s *poolStats) DecodeRLP(st *rlp.Stream) error {
+	var stats struct {
+		SumUint uint64
+		Cnt     uint
+	}
+	if err := st.Decode(&stats); err != nil {
+		return err
+	}
+	s.init(math.Float64frombits(stats.SumUint), stats.Cnt)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// poolEntryQueue keeps track of its least recently accessed entries and removes
+// them when the number of entries reaches the limit
+type poolEntryQueue struct {
+	queue                  map[int]*poolEntry // known nodes indexed by their latest lastConnCnt value
+	newPtr, oldPtr, maxCnt int
+	removeFromPool         func(*poolEntry)
+}
+
+// newPoolEntryQueue returns a new poolEntryQueue
+func newPoolEntryQueue(maxCnt int, removeFromPool func(*poolEntry)) poolEntryQueue {
+	return poolEntryQueue{queue: make(map[int]*poolEntry), maxCnt: maxCnt, removeFromPool: removeFromPool}
+}
+
+// fetchOldest returns and removes the least recently accessed entry
+func (q *poolEntryQueue) fetchOldest() *poolEntry {
+	if len(q.queue) == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	for {
+		if e := q.queue[q.oldPtr]; e != nil {
+			delete(q.queue, q.oldPtr)
+			q.oldPtr++
+			return e
+		}
+		q.oldPtr++
+	}
+}
+
+// remove removes an entry from the queue
+func (q *poolEntryQueue) remove(entry *poolEntry) {
+	if q.queue[entry.queueIdx] == entry {
+		delete(q.queue, entry.queueIdx)
+	}
+}
+
+// setLatest adds or updates a recently accessed entry. It also checks if an old entry
+// needs to be removed and removes it from the parent pool too with a callback function.
+func (q *poolEntryQueue) setLatest(entry *poolEntry) {
+	if q.queue[entry.queueIdx] == entry {
+		delete(q.queue, entry.queueIdx)
+	} else {
+		if len(q.queue) == q.maxCnt {
+			e := q.fetchOldest()
+			q.remove(e)
+			q.removeFromPool(e)
+		}
+	}
+	entry.queueIdx = q.newPtr
+	q.queue[entry.queueIdx] = entry
+	q.newPtr++
+}